The tl;dr is that yes there are benchmarks, but there doesn't exist a universal one. Each CPU is good at doing their own thing in their own slice of time. Early 486 and 386 CPUs were 2D beauties. supporting anything that existed within a flat plane. Commander Keem and Civ welcome! The DX2/4 CPUs were good at early 3D, with my DX4-100 (OC to 120Mhz) running Duke 3D at fairly decent settings.
The Pentiums were great at running later 3D games like Quake and Tomb Raider, due to their excellent FPU performance compared to the previous generation. The 3dfx cards started to make a difference, with ATI, NVidia, Matrox, and S3 hopping on at different points in the race, each with their own added performance, meaning the CPU was less of a factor when considering gaming performance.
Newer and better memory and hard disks were a thing. Prices went way down, and the overclocking game really took shape. Pentium 4s started the first go into x64, a vast improvement over the previous PAE technology.
There really is no definite answer to which numerical aspects of a CPU makes it better, and benching is not always that great. There exists no universal benchmark for single core CPUs and their features, and most later benchmarks take the CPU in as a second number instead of the main deal.
Phil does have a video comparing the 450Mz Pentium 2 and 3, which does give some idea of what this stuff is like.