StarQuake, Hard Hat Mac, and Pango are three great CGA "slow computer" arcade games.
I also had fun with the Up 'n Down racing arcade game port and Lunar Lander, though that was more for lack of games.
Caverns of Zoarre was a DnD/Telengard RPG alternate kind of like Rogue that also soaked up time and killed me often.
StarFleet I: The War Begins as a highly complex and fun "old" star trek game (or simpler NewTrek/Trek'88,etc.), and sequels including StarFleet II (same), and StarLegions (ground combat like Empire in the same universe).
And Begin2 "The tactical starship simulation" runs on an 8088 in CGA/Text mode as I recall, as did the classic StarFlight I & II.
Chopper Commando, lots of youthful hours spent there - like Sopwith with helicopters.
Snack Attack II, Cosmic Crusader, and Space Strike by Michael Abrash back in the day.
Attack on Altair, some PacMan/MsPacMan, Star Empire, Temple of Apshi, Xonix, Crossfire, and Defender/Stargate are ones I ran into later that seem fun and were from that era.
All of these were on a 5160 PCXT, so PCjr may through a wrench in the works, though I assume it's compatible to the vanilla CGA 5150 for the most part. Pretty much these are the games I play when I fire up my XT.
And I assume you've looked through PCjr lists (filtering out later tandy games), like: PCjr Cartridge Games, PCjr/Tandy Video Mode, PCjr/Tandy Sound Support
edit: remove some previously mentioned games, and if you are interested in text adventures, Nord & Bert Couldn't Make Heads or Tails of It should probably be on your list. 😀
edit2: Oooh, and no one mentioned the Kroz series yet! Lots of fun. And if Kroz, then definitely Caves of Thor, ZZT and even MegaZeux should work, I think.
edit3: ...must stop thinking about this and editing... but Trek, Elite, and Snipes were favorites, how could I forget to mention them...