Most devices of this type seem to be designed to go in the other direction - connecting a modern PC to an old Centronics printer. There are USB adapters and network adapters for this. But these all go in one direction (modern interface supplies data, Centronics just blindly receives data) whereas you need something that listens on a Centronics interface and then when data is received, passes it over to a USB/network printer.
Probably you'd have to build something yourself with a microcontroller. Or a simpler solution might be a Raspberry Pi with two USB adapters - one to speak IEEE1284/Centronics to receive data from your PC, and the other USB cable to communicate with a printer.
Of course the bigger problem is that you would still have to find a printer with a compatible protocol. It's all well and good to get your data to arrive at the printer, but if the printer only accepts data produced by a custom Windows driver, then you're not going to be able to produce any output. Finding a printer that can understand PostScript or PCL probably means it has a Centronics connector anyway. Remember all those DOS programs that shipped with hundreds of printer drivers? Probably none of them work with any modern printer.
Linux has the GhostScript/Foomatic system to handle this - taking standard PostScript/PCL code and converting it into whatever format the printer requires, but there are still many printers it doesn't work with because they use some proprietary protocol that the printer manufacturer won't share.
So I think even if you can get "dir > prn" to send the data to a printer, you'll still have to find a printer that can understand plain text input like that.