Reply 20 of 24, by Old Thrashbarg
They're strictly hardware. They basically just generate particular frequencies based on a reference clock (which usually comes from a 14.318mhz crystal somewhere nearby).
There was even a device back in the day, called a 'TurboPLL', which replaced that 14.318mhz reference clock with a variable oscillator to allow for fine tuning of overclocks, while retaining a couple specific fixed frequencies required by the RTC, I/O and USB ports.