If I had to guess, it's some kind of niche, limited production audiophile wankery. 😆 The clues being paranoid removal of the markings on some of the chips, and excessive amounts of capacitance.
Maybe some kind of audio card with integrated phono amplifier?
What's intriguing is that the ISA edge connector doesn't have a lot of the pins present. What it does have are:
Side A: D0-7, A0-9, AEN
Side B: GND, -12V, +12V, IOW, IOR, +5V
So, pretty much the bare minimum going on there. No IRQs, no clock, no DMA, only uses I/O port addressing, not memory addressing. 😕
Edit:
The jumpers almost certainly set the I/O address that the card resides at. They appear to be connected to the M74HC688, which is an 8-bit equality comparator, which is connected to the ISA address pins. There is a 74LS245 buffer on the data pins.
Other chips are a smattering of TL072 op-amps, low-noise NE5534 op-amps, an AD7528 DAC, plus another AD part I can't make out the marking on. There appears to be some kind of amplifier chip with heatsink tab under two of the capacitors on the right (yeah, let's put something that gets hot under electrolytic caps, that'll end well, great job 🙄). The 'celduc' part in the lower-right corner isn't a chip but a reed relay. The two folded over TO220 parts are probably 7809 and 7909 linear voltage regulators. The big chip in the middle may be some kind of microcontroller/microprocessor, given it has what would be de rigueur crystal plus two capacitors next to it. I suspect the 5 scrubbed chips at the top are digital logic, and not analog (i.e. not to do with audio).