Remember, the CD was invented as an audio-only format (which, despite being without doubt digital, is in many ways closer to a cassette or LP than a bunch of files in the codec of your choice), so read the Red Book first (you can skip every 2nd page as that's the French translation, and the many pages about CD-Text and CD+G extensions 😉 - but do read about the Q subcode (which has a different official name), that's part of the "low level formatting"/sector addresses)
There you'll find the 74 minute nominal maximum capacity, and the manufacturing tolerances which, if fully exploited, give the 80 minute capacity;
Then you might want to read the Yellow Book (data CDs), where limitations caused by the "analog characteristics" I hinted to are worked around at the expense of sector capacity (spoiler: exact seeking to a specific sector was not in the original specification)
After that, I think (having not read that one) you should proceed to the Orange Book (writable CDs), which should repeat the 80 minute limit for ATIP (which includes the nominal capacity reported to the drive) 😀
Then go to Andy McFadden's CD guide, with a bunch of real-world experience (which trumps any wishful engineer thinking they try to sell for $$$) to see how the first CD-Rs were actually quite smaller than 74 minutes, probably to maximize then-unknown reliability 😀