The closest system I can think of which I personally own would be a Toshiba T5200. It's a portable computer, which by its nature denotes small size. BUT, if you stretch your definitions, it might count, especially if you take these two factors about the T5200 into consideration:
-The built-in monitor is removable, allowing you to use it with an external VGA monitor much like a desktop computer
-The T5200 includes two ISA card slots, allowing a small degree of expandability using standard desktop computer expansion cards
Beyond that, only thing that pops to mind are the classic all-in-one Macintosh models, which technically were also marketed as semi-portable IIRC.