Don't despair! That's a common issue, probably a compatibility issue of the controller card or each of the other parts in respect to each other.
Also, some floppy drives or HDDs might make use of some pins that this specific controller card doesn't like to be used.
I'd try each component on its own, one after another. Anyway, it's difficult doing a diagnostics from the far.
Maybe the other Vogons users have some tips. I'm currently a bit busy. 😅
Edit: You also might like to try to use XTIDE Universal BIOS on an ethernet card (it's an Option-ROM that can do IDE HDD handling. BIOS HDD setting can be "none" then).
It helped me to get my Schneider Tower AT going (a 286 PC, too). Without it, the BIOS would hang/stop each time the DOM (an IDE HDD replacement) was connected.
Edit: BIOS HDD settings are often not portable, even though they have the same values.
In order to take a DOS installation from one machine to another, the BIOS has to be the same (as in: AMI BIOS - AMI BIOS; Phoenix - Phoenix, Quadtel - Quadtel and so on).
A workaround to this is using a virtual machine/an emulator with the same machine configuration.
Or using a modern LBA implementation. Also note that Windows, Dynamic Disc Overlays (DDOs) and BIOS may use different implementations.
Using XTIDE BIOS is most universal. You can use it on an ISA ethernet card and move it from one PC to another.
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