Yes, in theory a Pentium OverDrive will fit. It's arguable whether that or a Cyrix 5x86 or an AMD Am5x86 is actually fastest dependent on whether you get into overclocking or are running something specifically coded for the Pentium, and when you take cost into account.
However, given the early 1993 date codes on that board, it's more than two years older than the release of the Pentium OverDrive 83, so it's likely the manufacturer never was able to test it with a real chip. There may be compatibility problems.
In addition, that board wouldn't support all the features of a newer Socket 3 CPU such as write-back L1 cache.
To use a 3.3V CPU you will need a interposer to step down the voltage (the Pentium OverDrives have that built in).
A board like that probably shipped with the canonical 486DX2-66 originally.