Some rambling, I hope some is useful...
I'm surprised nobody mentioned it (or they did and I missed it) many PATA (and I imagine SATA) simply don't handle the IDE controller (southbridge) running at 41Mhz. I remember having to try a few different drives to find one(s) that don't lose their marbles at above like 37.5 (75/112) - heck some hated even that.
If your drives end up working when you set bus speed down to 66 (33) then... that's it. Another thing to try is... shove a random CD-ROM drive on there while it's at 83/41 - see if it works (though w/o a boot drive, dunno maybe try an old linux live CD?). Optical drives seemed way less picky about it. It's also hilarious on "TX Pro" chipset board cause it seriously thrashes that drive for all it's worth! (I've never seen an old drive work that hard 🤣).
(side ponder - This also makes me wonder in this modern age, all the people using the IDE > CFcards if they run into this too? Man now I wanna see someone actively test for this - sadly I no longer have a board that is able to drive PCI that high w/o something else taking a dump first)
You can also try lowering DMA/PIO modes ..maybe? or maybe just giving up on DMA - but yuck that's of course not ideal.
I remember having the best luck with Samsung and IBM drives tolerating high IDE/southbridge/PCI speeds. So if you have any old Spinpoint F1s or Deskstars around worth a shot? But note this is like the era from 2GB to 80GB drives tops.
It IS totally worth it to find a drive that does tolerate it though.
Last thing I remember running into, some PATA PCI add-on cards also choke if PCI too high. While others using same exact same controller work brilliantly. I had a Promise ATA100 branded card that absolutely choked if PCI speed was over like 35 (lame!) but an Iwill branded card (using exact same controller!) worked brilliantly like past ridiculousness (I was trying to force an RMA of a drive I didn't trust, and it dropped off somewhere insane like 91 - and no the drive didn't throw any codes either).
(amusing giggle - ATA133 you ask? well considering the Maxtor drives I tried wouldn't even work at ATA66 when PCI was even at a tame 37 sadly it doesn't look promising. That's not even considering if there is an ATA133 controller that would tolerate this. That said, how cool would that be 🤣)
random trivia - I actually had a pair of the later infamous IBM "deathstars" as my RAID-0. 2 45GB 75GXP's. Yes they both died 7 months later. Which really made me sad because they were awesome performers and super tolerant of overspec ATA speeds.