Did this board really run “fine” with a 486dx2?
It sounds like you are having an intermittent problem which may be caused by damage, a loose component or coorsion.
I would still run the turbo switch issue to ground and ensure your integrated fan is making proper contact for the chip to detect and run 2.5x and not 1x
as a drop from 8->3 is exactly what would be expected if the cpu is thinking it has a bad fan and drops to 1x / 33mhz
Some aftermarket fans are too small to trip the fan detection circuit, other times a “marginal “ fan won’t get detected either.
There is a mod you can do to spoof the presence of a fan if your having issues
Likely not related to your issue but the p24t had a black eye because some 486 boards required an interposer to work and others had cache issues for one reason or another.
If you truly exhaust all options you should test the chip and memory benchmarks with the cache setup in various ways including fully disabled.
I would also put a switch or momentary switch to jp5 in case something with that jumper is marginal.
You may need to investigate for damage and deoxit or hit with a heat gun or soldering iron if anything is messed up