Without knowing the implementation specifics, for a true 3D game the answer would generally be no, screen resolution would affect nothing else than what you can see on the screen.

A 3D environment is essentially an XYZ coordinate-system, with vertices representing the coordinates of the points that make up the game world and it's objects, and it is from that coordinate system that movement and game logic is calculated.

Basic examples: If you have a hitscan weapon, a ray will be projected from the muzzle or firing point and maths will be performed to see if that ray intersects with a bounding box in the 3D space. Similarly splash damage weapons will run a distance check on enemies, in order to determine if their coordinates are inside the blast radius.

When a game is rendered on screen, rasterization maps the 3D space to the individual pixels that are displayed on the screen.

on (software-rendered) Quake, putting on a lower resolution does alter the range of the alias model drawing method that switches (pointclouds are easier to spot at distances) but it won't alter any hitboxes or hulls.