To me those look like caps that are just for power bypassing, so nothing fancy. All look like ceramic caps. Physical size I can't tell from the picture.
Well it's possible the broken capacitor is now internally shorted so it is possible there's a supply voltage missing to some parts of the card. First and foremost I would remove the broken cap (or at least verify if it is shorted with a multimeter) so that a short circuit does not burn other parts of the card.
The smaller two caps could be 10nF or 100nF bypass caps. As you see there's one of them near every chip, maybe even one per power supply pin for a chip. And you see that some memory chips are not mounted but they still have those bypass caps near the missing chips, so missing one or two bypass caps should not be that fatal. Perhaps you could move capacitors that are now placed near missing chips to near mounted chips.
The larger missing cap is just for bulk storage, I suspect it has same rating as other caps that have similar size. It could be between 1uF or 10uF, maybe even up to 100uF. Voltage you can measure yourself with a multimeter, just pick next higher rating.